VAAs
VAAs are the core messaging primitive in Wormhole. You can think of them as packets of cross chain data that are emitted any time a cross chain application contract interacts with the Core Contract.
The basic VAA has two components -- a Header and a Body.
Messages emitted by contracts need to be validated by the guardians before they can be sent to the target chain. Once a majority of guardians observe the message and finality has been achieved, the Guardians sign a keccak256 hash of the message body.
The message is wrapped up in a structure called a VAA which combines the message with the guardian signatures to form a proof.
These VAA's are ultimately what a smart contract on a receiving chain must process in order to receive a wormhole message.
VAA's contain two sections of data.
The header holds metadata about the current VAA, the guardian set that is currently active, and the list of signatures gathered so far.
byte version // VAA Version
u32 guardian_set_index // Indicates which guardian set is signing
u8 len_signatures // Number of signatures stored
[]signature signatures // Collection of guardian signatures
where each
signature is:u8 index // The index of this guardian in the guardian set
[65]byte signature // The ECDSA signature
The body is deterministically derived from an on chain message. Any two guardians must derive the exact same body. This requirement exists so that there is always a one to one relationship between VAA's and messages to avoid double processing of messages.
u32 timestamp // The timestamp of the block this message was published in
u32 nonce //
u16 emitter_chain // The id of the chain that emitted the message
[32]byte emitter_address // The contract address (wormhole formatted) that called the core contract
u64 sequence // The auto incrementing integer that represents the number of messages published by this emitter
u8 consistency_level // The consistency level (finality) required by this emitter
[]byte payload // arbitrary bytes containing the data to be acted on
The Body is the relevant information for consumers and is handed back from a call like
parseAndVerifyVAA. Because the emitterAddress is included as part of the Body, the developer is able to tell if this VAA originated from a trusted contract.Because VAAs have no destination, they are effectively multicast. They will be verified as authentic by any Core Contract on any chain in the network. If a VAA has a specific destination, it is entirely the responsibility of relayers to complete that delivery appropriately.
// hash the bytes of the body twice
digest = keccak256(keccak256(body))
// sign the result
signature = ecdsa_sign(digest, key)
Different implementations of the ECDSA signature validation may apply a
keccak256 hash to the message passed, so care must be taken to pass the correct arguments.For example the Solana secp256k1 program will hash the message passed. In this case, the argument for the message should be a single hash of the body, not the twice hashed body.
Different applications that are built on wormhole may specify a format for the payloads attached to a VAA. This payload provides information the target chain and contract so it can take some action (e.g. minting tokens to a receiver address).
Tokens are transferred from one chain to another using a lockup/mint and burn/unlock mechanism. While many bridges work on this basic premise, this implementation achieves this by relying on the generic message passing protocol provided by Wormhole to support routing the lock and burn events from one chain to another. This makes Wormhole's token bridge completely chain agnostic. As long as a wormhole contract exists on the chain we wish to transfer to, an implementation can be quickly incorporated into the network. Due to the generic message passing nature of Wormhole, programs emitting messages do not need to know anything about the implementation details of any other chain.
In order to transfer tokens from A to B, we must lock the tokens on A and mint them on B. It is important that the tokens on A have been proven to be locked before the minting can occur on B. To facilitate this process, chain A first locks the tokens and emits a message indicating that the locking has been completed. This message has the following structure, and is referred to as a transfer message:
u8 payload_id = 1 // Token Transfer
u256 amount // Amount of tokens being transferred.
u8[32] token_address // Address on the source chain.
u16 token_chain // Numeric ID for the source chain.
u8[32] to // Address on the destination chain.
u16 to_chain // Numeric ID for the destination chain.
u256 fee // Portion of amount paid to a relayer.
This structure contains everything needed for the receiving chain to learn about a lockup event. Once Chain B receives this payload it can mint the corresponding asset.
Note that Chain B is agnostic as to how the tokens on the sending side were locked. They could have been burned by a mint or locked in a custody account. The protocol simply relays the event once a sufficient amount of guardians have attested its existence.
The Transfer event above is missing an important detail. While the program on Chain B can trust the message to inform it of token lockup events, it has no way to know what the token being locked up actually is. The address alone is a meaningless value to most users. To solve this, the Token Bridge supports token attestation.
For a Token Attestation, Chain A emits a message containing metadata about a token which Chain B may use to persist the name, symbol, and decimal precision of a token address.
The message format for this action is as follows:
u8 payload_id = 2 // Attestation
[32]byte token_address // Address of the originating token contract
u16 token_chain // Chain ID of the originating token
u8 decimals // Number of decimals this token should have (max 8)
[32]byte symbol // Short name of asset
[32]byte name // Full name of asset
Attestations use a fixed-length byte-array to encode UTF8 token name and symbol data.
Because the byte array is fixed length, the data contained may truncate multibyte unicode characters.
When sending an attestation VAA, we recommend sending the longest UTF8 prefix that does NOT truncate a character, and then right-padding it with 0 bytes.
When parsing an attestation VAA, we recommend trimming all trailing 0 bytes, and converting the remainder to UTF8 via any lossy algorithm.
Be mindful that different on-chain systems may have different VAA parsers, that may result in different names/symbols on different chains if the string is long, or contains invalid UTF8.
An important detail of the token bridge is that an attestation is required before a token can be transferred. This is because without knowing a tokens decimal precision, it is not possible for Chain B to correctly mint the correct amount of tokens when processing a transfer.
This VAA type is also referred to as a payload3 message or a Contract Controlled Transfer.
The Token + Message data structure is identical to the Token only data structure with the addition of a
payload field that contains arbitrary bytes. This arbitrary byte field is where an app may include additional data in the transfer to inform some application specific behavior.u8 payload_id = 3 // Token Transfer with Message
u256 amount // Amount of tokens being transferred.
u8[32] token_address // Address on the source chain.
u16 token_chain // Numeric ID for the source chain.
u8[32] to // Address on the destination chain.
u16 to_chain // Numeric ID for the destination chain.
u256 fee // Portion of amount paid to a relayer.
[]byte payload // Message, arbitrary bytes, app specific
Governance VAAs don't have a
payload_id field like the above formats, they're used to trigger some action in the deployed contracts (e.g. upgrade).Action Structure
Governance messages contain pre-defined actions, which can target the various wormhole modules currently deployed on chain. The structure contains the following fields:
u8[32] module // Contains a right-aligned module identifier
u8 action // Predefined governance action to execute
u16 chain // Chain the action is targeting, 0 = all chains
... args // Arguments to the action
Here is an example message containing a governance action triggering a code upgrade to the solana core contract. The module field here is a right-aligned encoding of the ASCII "Core", represented as a 32 byte hex string.
module: 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000436f7265
action: 1
chain: 1
new_contract: 0x3485672937589571623749593761923748845625222819374462348283888283
Actions
The meaning of each numeric action is pre-defined and documented in the wormhole design documents. For each application, the relevant definitions can be found via these links:
Note: Anyone can submit the VAA to the target chain. The guardians typically do not perform this step to avoid transaction fees. Instead, applications built on top of wormhole can acquire the VAA via the guardian RPC and do the submission in a separate flow.
With the concepts now defined, we can illustrate what a full flow for a message passing between two chains looks like. The following stages demonstrate each stage of processing the wormhole network performs in order to route a message.
- 1: A message is emitted by a contract running on chain A.Messages can be emitted by any contract, and the guardians are programmed to observe all chains for these events. Here, the guardians are represented as a single entity to simplify the graphics but the observation of the message must be performed individually by each of the 19 guardians
- 2: Signatures are aggregated.Guardians independently observe and sign the message. Once enough guardians have signed the message, the collection of signatures are combined with the message and metadata to produce a VAA.
- 3: VAA submitted to target chain.The VAA acts as proof that the guardians have collectively attested the existence of the message payload, in order to complete the final step, the VAA itself is submitted (or relayed) to the target chain to be processed by a receiving contract.
Last modified 2mo ago